Parole Linguistic Definition and Examples

In linguistics, the individual expressions of language in contrast to langue, language as an abstract system of signs. This distinction between langue and parole was first made by Swiss linguist Ferdinand de Saussure in his Course in General Linguistics (1916). Etymology From the French paraula, speech Observations Can there be a science of language, if so, do we have to stomp on it first to make it amenable? Do we have to murder to dissect, to quote Wordsworth? There are several things the would-be linguistic scientist can do. One is to slice up language in such a way as to have one part that lives and moves about in crazy ways, and another that stays in one place and thus can be dissected to reveal its inner nature. This is essentially what Saussure did, when he distinguished parole (the unruly side) from langue (the quiet side). Parole refers to the actual language use of individual people in their everyday lives, and is too erratic to be studied, according to Saussure. Langue is the shared social structure of language, and is richly structured as a system of systems. The latter is what can be investigated scientifically.  Ã¢â‚¬â€¹(Leo Van Lier, The Ecology and Semiotics of Language Learning: A Sociocultural Perspective. Birkhà ¤user, 2004)Langue/Parole--The reference here is to the disti nction made by the Swiss linguist Saussure. Where parole is the realm of the individual moments of language use, of particular utterances or messages, whether spoken or written, langue is the system or code (le code de la langue) which allows the realization of the individual messages.  (Stephen Heath, Translators Note in Image-Music-Text by Roland Barthes. Macmillan, 1988) The Analogy of a Chess Game The langue-parole dichotomy was introduced into linguistics by Ferdinand de Saussure (1916), who used the analogy of a chess game to illustrate what it entails. To engage in a game of chess both players must first know the langue of chess--the rules of movement and the overall strategy of how to play. Langue imposes constraints on, and provides a guide to, the choices each player can make in the act of playing the game. The actual choices characterize parole--the ability to apply the abstract knowledge of chess (langue) to a specific game-playing situation.  (Marcel Danesi, Second Language Teaching: A View From the Right Side of the Brain. Springer, 2003) Pronunciation: pa-ROLE

William V. Harris War And Imperialism Essay - 1611 Words

William V. Harris, an American professor/historian from Columbia University who specializes in ancient Greece and Rome, seeks to analyze Roman attitudes towards war through his book, War and Imperialism in Republican Rome (1979). Since warfare was an integral part of life in the Roman Republic, Harris attempts to provide the reasoning behind their desire to continuously engage in battle as seen through the use of primary sources, such as Polybius, and archeological evidence. Specifically, in the first half of Chapter One entitled, â€Å"Roman Attitudes Towards War,† Harris looks at the aristocracy and their general feelings towards war. Overall, Harris claims throughout the work that Rome was a militaristic culture; yet, specifically were more ferocious, violent, and frequent in their warfare than other polities. This is due to the Roman emphasis on military efforts to win prestige and honor that would benefit soldiers for various political and social reasons. Thus, Harris ana lyzes with regards to the aristocracy in Chapter One, that war was the main avenue for men to garner political opportunities and to gain prestige, fame, and glory. While other scholars, such as Raaflaub and Eckstein, may contend that Rome was simply going to war for money, or engaged in war as a norm of the era, Harris believes differently. The author notes the frequency of war was looked upon favorably by these men as expedient opportunities to prove their worth, and rise in prominence and office in Rome.Show MoreRelatedAnalysis Of The Article Types Of Intersectionality, Structural, Political, And Representational.2357 Words   |  10 Pagesportrayed as to the world in the media. 2) Harris (1996), Section 2B: When hearing the word â€Å"racism† most people automatically think about discrimination against African Americans. Less people, though, think about the opposite side of the spectrum, which is white privilege. 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Relativity Theory Essay Example For Students

Relativity Theory Essay The theory of relativity was introduced by Albert Einstein around the earlynineteen hundereds. It is a theory which enables the human mind to understandthe possible actions of the universe. The theory is divided into two parts, thespecial, and the general. In each part, there is a certain limit to which itexplains and helps to comprehend. In the special, Einstein explains ways ofunderstanding the atom and other small objects, while the general is designedfor the study of large objects, such as planets. The theory of relativity havingbeing created, succeeded the two hundred year old mechanics of Isaac Newton,thus showing Einstein as more of a futuristic thinker and adapter. Einsteinintroduced the concept of Relativity, which means that there is no absolutemotion in the universe. Einstein showed that humans are not in a flat, absolutetime of everyday experience, but in a curved space-time. Take for example theEarth as a whole. The earth has a circumference of around twenty five thousan dmiles, and it can be covered within a twenty-four hour time frame. Having thiscompletion of distance covered within the set amount of time, shows that theEarth rotates a little over one-thousand miles per hour. it can be assumed thatsomething in the solar system is not moving, and we can measure how fast theearth is moving by relative to the object. However, no matter what object ischosen, it is moving as well, thus showing that nothing is fixed and thateverything is moving, and it is unknown how fast or in what direction. TheTheory of Relativity is a theory compressing mechanics, gravitation, andspace-time. Having known this, it is seen so that all things are related, butcan not be thought of as individual. The Theory of Relativity is known forhaving two parts to it. The first part is the special relativity; the other isthe general relativity. Special relativity is known for its publication in1906; it is used for microscopic physics, such as atoms and small objects. Theother type of relativity, the general, is known for its publication in 1916,well after the birth of its counterpart. The general half of the theory isintended for astrophysics and cosmology, such as solar systems, planets, andlarge objects. A British Astronomer named Sir Arthur Eddington, was one of thefirst to fully understand the Theory of Relativity. A little humor about hisintelligence can be seen to when he was asked about there being three people whounderstood the Theory of Relativity, his response was who is the third?The discovery of Quasars, the 3 kelvin microwave background radiation, pulsars,and possibly blackholes were studied with to see the accuracy of the Theory ofRelativity with gravity. This led the development of the space program,telescopes, computers, etcto make better calculations of the accuracy of thetheory. The Theory of Relativity has two main parts, the special and thegeneral. The internal part of the special theory is in reference to any region,such as a free falling laboratory, in which objects move in straight lines andhave uniform velocities. In the lab, nothing would appear to be moving ifeverything in the lab was falling, the movement of the lab is relevant to theperson that is in the lab. The principle of relativity theorizes thatexperiments in an internal frame, is independent from uniform velocity of theframe. An example of this is the speed of light. The speed of light within theinternal frame is the same for all, regardless of the speed of the observer. Twoevents that are simultaneos in one frame, may not be simultaneos when viewedfrom a frame moving relative to the first one. Movement looks differentdepending on where the observer is located, how fast it is moving, and in whatdirection. An interesting fact about the special relativity, is that themechanical foundations of special relativity were researched in 1908 by a germanmathmetician named, Hermann Minkowski. Minkowski ler einstein to postulate thevanishing of gravity in free fal l. In any free fall, laws of physics should takeon special relitavistic forms, this is what led to the EEP(Eisteins EquivalencePrinciple.) A consequence of EEP is that the space time must be curved. It istechinical, consider two frames falling freely, but on opposite sides of theEarth. According to Minkowski, spare time is valid locally in each frame, butsince the frames are accelerating towards each other, the two Minkowskispace-times can not be extended untill they meet. Therefor, with gravity, spacetime is not flat locally, but spaced globally. Any theory of gravity thatfulfills EEP, is called a metric theory. Along with the special side of thetheory, is the genral side of it. The principle to show space-time curved bypresence of matter. To determine curvature, requires a specific metric theory ofgravity, such as general relativity. Einsteins aim was to find the simplistequations, he found a set of 10. To test the general theory Einstein performedthree tests. Gravitational red sh ift, light deflection, and perihelion shift ofmercury. To test light deflection, Einstein used the curve space-time of the sunlight; it shoul be deflected 1.75 seconds of arc if it glazes the solar surface. .u7e43df9b563a868d19959d9f0b3f7dd7 , .u7e43df9b563a868d19959d9f0b3f7dd7 .postImageUrl , .u7e43df9b563a868d19959d9f0b3f7dd7 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u7e43df9b563a868d19959d9f0b3f7dd7 , .u7e43df9b563a868d19959d9f0b3f7dd7:hover , .u7e43df9b563a868d19959d9f0b3f7dd7:visited , .u7e43df9b563a868d19959d9f0b3f7dd7:active { border:0!important; } .u7e43df9b563a868d19959d9f0b3f7dd7 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u7e43df9b563a868d19959d9f0b3f7dd7 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u7e43df9b563a868d19959d9f0b3f7dd7:active , .u7e43df9b563a868d19959d9f0b3f7dd7:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u7e43df9b563a868d19959d9f0b3f7dd7 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u7e43df9b563a868d19959d9f0b3f7dd7 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u7e43df9b563a868d19959d9f0b3f7dd7 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u7e43df9b563a868d19959d9f0b3f7dd7 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u7e43df9b563a868d19959d9f0b3f7dd7:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u7e43df9b563a868d19959d9f0b3f7dd7 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u7e43df9b563a868d19959d9f0b3f7dd7 .u7e43df9b563a868d19959d9f0b3f7dd7-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u7e43df9b563a868d19959d9f0b3f7dd7:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Authorship Theory Essay The concept of gravitational lenses is based on the already discussed and provenrelativistic prediction that when light from a celestial object passes near amassive body such as a star, its path is deflected. The amount of deflectiondepends on the massiveness of the intervening body. From this came the notionthat very massive celestial objects such as galaxies could act as the equivalentof crude optical lenses for light coming from still more distant objects beyondthem. An actual gravitational lens was first identified in 1979. Another of theearly successes of general relativity was its ability to account for the puzzleof Mercurys orbit. After the perturbing effects of the other planets onMercurys orbit were taken into account, an unexplained shift remained in thedirection of its perihelion (point of closest approach to the Sun) of 43 secondsof arc per century; the shift had confounded astronomers of the late 19thcentury. General relativity explained it as a natural effect of the mot ion ofMercury in the curved space-time around the Sun. Recent radar measurements ofMercurys motion have confirmed this agreement to about half of 1 percent. Oneof the remarkable properties of general relativity is that it satisfies EEP forall types of bodies. If the Nordtvedt effect were to occur, then the Earth andMoon would be attracted by the Sun with slightly different accelerations,resulting in a small perturbation in the lunar orbit that could be detected bylunar laser ranging, a technique of measuring the distance to the Moon usinglaser pulses reflected from arrays of mirrors deposited there by Apolloastronauts. One of the first astronomical applications of general relativity wasin the area of cosmology. The theory predicts that the universe could beexpanding from an initially condensed state, a process known as the big bang. For a number of years the big bang theory was contested by an alternative knownas the steady state theory, based on the concept of the continuous creation ofmatter throughout the universe. Later knowledge gained about the universe,however, has strongly supported the big bang theory as against its competitors. Such findings either were predicted by or did not conflict with relativitytheory, thus also further supporting the theory. Perhaps the most critical pieceof evidence was the discovery, in 1965, of what is called background radiation. This sea of electromagnetic radiation fills the universe at atemperature of about 2.7 K (2.7 degrees C above absolute zero). Backgroundradiation had been proposed by general relativity as the remaining trace of anearly, hot phase of the universe following the big bang. The observed cosmicabundance of helium (20 to 30 percent by weight) is also a required result ofthe big-bang conditions predicted by relativity theory. In addition, generalrelativity has suggested various kinds of celestial phenomena that could exist,including neutron stars, black holes, gravitational lenses, and gravitationalwaves. According to relativistic theory, neutron stars would be small butextremely dense stellar bodies. A neutron star with a mass equal to that of theSun, for example, would have a radius of only 10 km (6 mi). Stars of this naturehave been so compressed by gravitational forces that their density is comparableto densities within the nuclei of atoms, and they are composed primarily ofneutrons. Suc h stars are thought to occur as a by-product of violent celestialevents such as supernovae and other gravitational implosions of stars. Sinceneutron stars were first proposed in the 1930s, numerous celestial objects thatexhibit characteristics of this sort have been identified. In 1967 the first ofmany objects now called pulsars was also detected. These stars, which emit rapidregular pulses of radiation, are now taken to be rapidly spinning neutron stars,with the pulse period represent the period of rotation. Black holes are amongthe most exotic of the predictions of general relativity, although the conceptitself dates from long before the 20th century. These theorized objects arecelestial bodies with so strong a gravitational field that no particles orradiation can escape from them, not even lighthence the name. Black holes mostlikely would be produced by the implosions of extremely massive stars, and theycould continue to grow as other material entered their field of attraction. S ometheorists have speculated that supermassive black holes may exist at the centersof some clusters of stars and of some galaxies, including our own. While theexistence of such black holes has not been proven beyond all doubt, evidence fortheir presence at a number of known sites is very strong. in conclusion,relativity is a way of looking at things, keeping in mind that everything ismoving, and that we really have no way of know just how fast. This theory, alongwith complex equations developed many years ago, helped to explain certain longmisunderstood things about planets and their movements. But the same thinkingabout very large objects, in motion, like stars, planets, solar sysems, simplydoes not work accurately when you look at microscopic things, like atoms. Too,since the development of the theory of relativity, we have made manytechnological advances that have allowed us to make accurate measurements, andto basically confirm the theory is correct.

Consumerism and Ethical Attitudes for Empirical Study

Question: Discuss about a Case Study on Consumerism And Ethical Attitudes for An Empirical Study? Answer: Introduction The significance of business ethics as well as corporate governance is consistently increasing in present business scenario. Currently, the entire business community provide great emphasis on developing the corporate social responsibility (CSR) policies as well as put extensive efforts to the proper implementation of those policies. Through the ethical business operation the company improve the sustainability quotient of the company. The ethical considerations are significantly relevant for the core business strategies (Healey, 2007). Therefore, the companies put great efforts for incorporating the values and ethics within their business strategies. The Co-operative Bank of UK is an enterprise which conducts its business operation with value and ethics. The bank provides utmost emphasis on developing the companys corporate social responsibility policies and formulates effective CSR strategies thus attain additional benefits and can able to stay ahead of the competitors. Performing bu siness activities in ethical ways is most essential for the companies as it helps the companies to avoid the legal hazardous, which used to be incorporated with the business activities (Audi, 2009). At the same time the ethical considerations of a company give the company much valuable customers as the customers also used to buy products from the companies who perform business with ethics. As in the current scenario, it is mostly witnessed that an increasing number of consumers take their buying decisions based on the ethical values, the consumer intend to buy environmental friendly goods and beside this the consumer prefer product with required labour standard and production method. Ethical consumerism is an increasing phenomenon in modern business (Devinney, Auger and Eckhardt, 2010). Brief overview of ethical consumerism and critical analysis The concept of ethical consumerism is an essential element in minimising the damage to the environment and societies in the process of buying a product or a service. In a global market, peoples are more aware of the origin of the product and services. The awareness of principle and policies of the product and services provides precise information, which causes changes in customer behavioural aspect in the process of purchasing a definite product or service (Dereli, Soykut-Sarica and Sen-Tasbasi, 2014). This behavioural development depends on several factors, which can be termed as ethical consumerism or ethical consumption. In other word, ethical consumption depends on the decision of the customer in buying a product or services. The customers are more active and dedicated in purchasing a product or services. In the process of economic development, people's have many options in the same segment (Ali and Wisniesk, 2010). To meet the need for ethical consumption, the organisations are becoming accountable to the society and the environment. Therefore, ethical consumption has become a tool for the change of the society. The ethical consumption has two prospects depending on the thinking and behaviour of the customer. The caring of the social and environmental attributes is a positive attitude of ethical consumption. The ethical purchase behaviour of customer in boycotting a certain product or service is a negative contribution to the society. Therefore, it is very essential for the organisation and the customer to balance the situation and helps to create a platform for overall development of the society and environment. The ethical consumption can be categorised into positive purchase behaviour, negative purchase behaviour and customer action. The customer action is phase with a belief that ethical consumption is an actionable behaviour like interaction with the retailer, manufacturer or to lobbying of court (Clarke, 2008). According to Co-operative Bank, the maj or markets of ethical business are as follows. Ethical personal product Ethical food and drink Eco- travel and transport Ethical finance The green home There are two element key forces, which is contributing maximum to this process. Now a day, the different unions, civil societies and charities are more active in ethical business practice. The nongovernmental organisations are running regular campaigns, to educate the population about the ethical consumptions and effect of unethical business on the society and the environment. The media is also playing a great role in this process of creating an ethical platform and minimises the effect of damage to the society and environment (Gunderson, 2013). Detailed review of a company For both the co-operative groups and co-operative banks 2013 was unexpected in term of financial and reputational threats faced by the both entities. In 2013 the bank faced a capital shortfall of 1.5bn and the requirement of PPI mis-selling grew huge disappointment among the consumers, colleagues, the members of the bank and other stake holders (Ferrell, Fraedrich and Ferrell, 2005). Therefore, the bank develops their business plan accordingly. So that the anguish among the stakeholder can be reduced and the bank can successfully proceeded to the stable growth of the company, at the same time the company can enhance their sustainability quotient (Lewis and Potter, 2011). The sustainability as well as the ethical policies of the bank comprises with the ethical banking, ethical products and services, ethical business, ethical work place and culture, and ethical campaigning. The company has taken seven goals for their ethical policy. The seven goals are performing the tasks with honesty and transparency, to become a responsible bank, which treats its consumer with fair. Beside this, the company aims to promote human rights and work to reduce inequality, the company will promote socio-economic growth in Britain (Mellahi and Wood, 2003). Apart from this, the company tries to protect environment, supports the international development program and protecting animal welfare. All these strategies help the company in providing adequate focus to their core business activities as well as ensure stable growth of the company and improve the sustainability quotient of the company (Kelly, 2003). Consumer buying behaviour Consumers are the centre of attention of all kind of organisation. Consumer buying behaviour has a significant impact on the profitability of the organisation. Nowadays the customers are getting very much conscious about the organisational background. Along with the quality of the product, consumers are focussing or preferring more on the legally approved business organisation. Customers will go through the whole organisational profile before choosing that brand (Fernandez and Quiason, 1964). The consumers prefer products that are more eco-friendly. Their culture mainly influences customer behaviour. Apart from the cultural, social and economical factors, consumers are more considering the environmental issues while choosing a product. Customers may compromise on ethics while making a decision includes a trade off between traditional purchasing and ethics. According to the survey, Organisations, which are executing their business ethically, are more preferred by the consumers. Ethic al issues play a vital role in the level of profitability. Consumers prefer reliable products that will provide beneficiary factors for their respective lifestyle. Understanding of the actual consumer buying behaviour is very much important for every organisation to survive in the competitive market. Legally recognised organisation always gets the preference of the consumers. They prefer the product that will ultimately improve peoples lifestyle. Organisations those are ethically correct will definitely set their price range according to the quality of the product (Pradeep, 2010). Thus, only ethically correct organisations will attract the consumers. Bank is one of the social organisations provides people the source of money that they need for a different purpose relating to their individual life. Banking sectors have a large scale of social contribution (Solomon, 2010). Thus, it is very much important for the bank to ethically or legally approve. Customers will prefer the bank those are ethically transparent and have secured future. The concerned bank provider their customers bank loans, life insurance policies, fixed deposits and other facilities with many other related facilities. Customers are provided with the option of online banking and internet banking, which are proved to be less time consuming. That is why the customers are attracted towards the corporate banking service. According to the research, as the co-operative bank is providing their customers a secure future; they are attracted to this concerned bank. The co-operative bank is contributing towards the social and economical growth of the society. Conclusion The project focus on the ethical consumerism which defines purchasing of products and services that minimises environmental and social damage and avoiding product and services that have a negative effect on the society or environment. It encourages people to think about how the product are produced and sourced which are not harmful to society and environment. Co-operative bank recent report showed large number of public willing to boycott and challenge organizations who do not comply with the ethical standards (Gray, Coates and Hetherington, 2013). The research focuses on ethical product and services of co-operative bank. The primary and secondary research provides co-operative banking services to businesses and consumers as per the ethical policy of bank. The ethical policy is based on the customer mandate which contains specific clauses which restricts the finance provision to certain business activities or sectors and supporting organisations to make positive contribution towards society and environment. The policy also covers all the non personal liabilities and assets held on the balance sheet of bank which includes deposits and saving, retail loans, treasury dealings and investment of all the retained balances. The values and ethics of co-operative bank were embedded in the constitution of bank through article of association. In 2013, a new committee of new values and ethics was established to demonstrate the commitment of the bank to promote and conduct its business in accordance with established ethics and values of Co-operative movement. According to the recent report of Co-operative bank spending on ethical drink and food has increased from 3.9 billion and 8 billion. The primary and secondary data collected from a survey proves that Co-operative bank deals with ethical product and services. In 1999, organic, fair-trade, dolphin friendly and free range products were already established but with limited availability. The primary and secondary data als o tracks the economic value attached to wide range of personal choices such as household product, food, charitable donations concerned with particular choice such as animal welfare, environment and human rights. C-operative bank has been the best company in the ethical polices in the banking report (Thio and Taylor, 2012). The ethical consumerism report of co-operative bank acts as the barometer of the ethical spending in UK. The report defines ethical consumerism as personal allocation of fund which includes investment and consumption where choices has been informed by particular issue of social justice, human rights, animal or environment welfare. References Ali, A. and Wisniesk, J. (2010). Consumerism And Ethical Attitudes: An Empirical Study.I J Islam Mid East Fin and Mgt, 3(1), pp.36-46. Clarke, N. (2008). From Ethical Consumerism to Political Consumption.Geography Compass, 2(6), pp.1870-1884. Gunderson, R. (2013). Agric Hum Values, 31(1), pp.109-117. Pradeep, A. (2010).The buying brain. Hoboken, N.J.: Wiley. Solomon, M. (2010).Consumer behaviour. Harlow, England: Prentice Hall/Financial Times. Gray, M., Coates, J. and Hetherington, T. (2013).Environmental social work. Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon: Routledge. Thio, A. and Taylor, J. (2012).Social problems. Sudbury, MA: Jones Bartlett Learning. Dereli, T., Soykut-Sarica, Y. and Sen-Tasbasi, A. (2014).Labor and Employment Relations in a Globalized World. Dordrecht: Springer. Fernandez, P. and Quiason, C. (1964).Labor standards and welfare legislation. Manila, Philippines: Central Book Supply. Audi, R. (2009).Business ethics and ethical business. New York: Oxford University Press. Devinney, T., Auger, P. and Eckhardt, G. (2010).The myth of the ethical consumer. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Ferrell, O., Fraedrich, J. and Ferrell, L. (2005).Business ethics. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Co. Healey, J. (2007).Consumerism. Thirroul, N.S.W.: Spinney Press. Kelly, J. (2003).Consumerism. Cambridge [England]: Grove Books. Lewis, T. and Potter, E. (2011).Ethical consumption. Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon: Routledge. Mellahi, K. and Wood, G. (2003).The ethical business. Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire: Palgrave Macmillan.